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BPA, chemical used to make plastics, found to leach from polycarbonate drinking bottles Into humans

Exposure to BPA May Have Harmful Health Effects

For immediate release: Thursday, May 21, 2009

Boston, MA — A new study from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researchers found that participants who drank for a week from polycarbonate bottles, the popular, hard-plastic drinking bottles and baby bottles, showed a two-thirds increase in their urine of the chemical bisphenol A (BPA). Exposure to BPA, used in the manufacture of polycarbonate and other plastics, has been shown to interfere with reproductive development in animals and has been linked with cardiovascular disease and diabetes in humans. The study is the first to show that drinking from polycarbonate bottles increased the level of urinary BPA, and thus suggests that drinking containers made with BPA release the chemical into the liquid that people drink in sufficient amounts to increase the level of BPA excreted in human urine.

The study appears on the website of the journal Environmental Health Perspectives and is freely available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2737011/.

In addition to polycarbonate bottles, which are refillable and a popular container among students, campers and others and are also used as baby bottles, BPA is also found in dentistry composites and sealants and in the lining of aluminum food and beverage cans. (In bottles, polycarbonate can be identified by the recycling number 7.) Numerous studies have shown that it acts as an endocrine-disruptor in animals, including early onset of sexual maturation, altered development and tissue organization of the mammary gland and decreased sperm production in offspring. It may be most harmful in the stages of early development.

“We found that drinking cold liquids from polycarbonate bottles for just one week increased urinary BPA levels by more than two-thirds. If you heat those bottles, as is the case with baby bottles, we would expect the levels to be considerably higher. This would be of concern since infants may be particularly susceptible to BPA’s endocrine-disrupting potential,” said Karin B. Michels, associate professor of epidemiology at HSPH and Harvard Medical School and senior author of the study.

The researchers, led by first author Jenny Carwile, a doctoral student in the department of epidemiology at HSPH, and Michels, recruited Harvard College students for the study in April 2008. The 77 participants began the study with a seven-day “washout” phase in which they drank all cold beverages from stainless steel bottles in order to minimize BPA exposure. Participants provided urine samples during the washout period. They were then given two polycarbonate bottles and asked to drink all cold beverages from the bottles during the next week; urine samples were also provided during that time.

The results showed that the participants’ urinary BPA concentrations increased 69% after drinking from the polycarbonate bottles. (The study authors noted that BPA concentrations in the college population were similar to those reported for the U.S. general population.)  Previous studies had found that BPA could leach from polycarbonate bottles into their contents; this study is the first to show a corresponding increase in urinary BPA concentrations in humans.

One of the study’s strengths, the authors note, is that the students drank from the bottles in a normal use setting. Additionally, the students did not wash their bottles in dishwashers nor put hot liquids in them; heating has been shown to increase the leaching of BPA from polycarbonate, so BPA levels might have been higher had students drunk hot liquids from the bottles.

Canada banned the use of BPA in polycarbonate baby bottles in 2008 and some polycarbonate bottle manufacturers have voluntarily eliminated BPA from their products. With increasing evidence of the potential harmful effects of BPA in humans, the authors believe further research is needed on the effect of BPA on infants and on reproductive disorders and on breast cancer in adults.

“This study is coming at an important time because many states are deciding whether to ban the use of BPA in baby bottles and sippy cups. While previous studies have demonstrated that BPA is linked to adverse health effects, this study fills in a missing piece of the puzzle-whether or not polycarbonate plastic bottles are an important contributor to the amount of BPA in the body,” said Carwile.

The study was supported by the Harvard University Center for the Environment and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Biological Analysis Core, Department of Environmental Health, HSPH. Carwile was also supported by the Training Program in Environmental Epidemiology.

“Use of Polycarbonate Bottles and Urinary Bisphenol A Concentrations,” Jenny L. Carwile, Henry T. Luu, Laura S. Bassett, Daniel A. Driscoll, Caterina Yuan, Jennifer Y. Chang, Xiaoyun Ye, Antonia M. Calafat, Karin B. Michels,  

Sourced from - Environmental Health Perspectives, online May 12, 2009.

BPA, chemical used to make plastics, found to leach from polycarbonate drinking bottles Into humans

For immediate release: Thursday, May 21, 2009 Boston, MA - A new study from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researchers found that participants who drank for a week from polycarbonate bottles, the popular, hard-plastic drinking bottles and baby bottles, showed a two-thirds increase in their urine of the chemical bisphenol A (BPA).

Research Highlight: BPA linked to infertility in women

woman with water crpBPA (Bisphenol-A) is a  chemical compound found in many consumer products including polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins used in food and drink packaging.  However, evidence is accumulating that suggests that BPA may contribute to a variety of health problems. Because BPA has been shown to alter the function of the endocrine system, and has been detected in blood and urine of patients undergoing treatment for infertility, researchers suspect that it may interfere in some way with the normal reproductive cycle.

In an NIEHS Center funded pilot study, a group of researchers led by Center member Catherine Racowsky, asked the question, “Does exposure to bisphenol-A (BPA) impact fertility by affecting the maturation of human oocytes (eggs)?”

They conducted a randomized trial, using 352 clinically discarded oocytes from 121 patients undergoing infertility treatment at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, exposing the oocytes to increasing levels of BPA in the laboratory.

They found that exposure to BPA caused a variety of problems with the normal development and maturation process of the eggs, leading to  a reduction in  the number of eggs that matured, and an increase in the number that degenerated or underwent abnormal activation.

Of the eggs that did mature, there was a significant trend toward malformation of the spindles, a structural part of the egg that is critically important for the proper alignment and separation of the chromosomes.

The investigators explained that “If the chromosomes do not separate correctly, then the egg will end up with either too many or too few chromosomes — in which case, generally speaking, if the egg fertilizes it will give rise to an embryo that isn’t capable of developing, or if it develops it will give rise to a chromosomally abnormal individual.”

These preliminary observations document for the first time the effect of BPA on oocyte meiotic maturation, spindle morphology and chromosome alignment in human oocytes. Taken together with a growing body of evidence regarding the negative health effects of BPA, this work brings us one step closer to understanding the impact of chemicals in our  environment on the growing problem of human infertility.

Sourced from - More NIEHS Center Research Highlights

 

Research Highlight: BPA linked to infertility in women

BPA (Bisphenol-A) is a chemical compound found in many consumer products including polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins used in food and drink packaging.